SQL reference

Note

R2 SQL is in public beta. Supported SQL grammar may change over time.

This page documents the R2 SQL syntax based on the currently supported grammar in public beta.

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Complete Query Syntax

SELECT column_list
FROM table_name
WHERE conditions --optional
[ORDER BY column_name [DESC | ASC]]
[LIMIT number]

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SELECT Clause

Syntax

SELECT column_specification [, column_specification, ...]

Column Specification

• Column name: column_name
• All columns: *

Examples

SELECT * FROM table_name
SELECT user_id FROM table_name
SELECT user_id, timestamp, status FROM table_name
SELECT timestamp, user_id, response_code FROM table_name

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FROM Clause

Syntax

SELECT * FROM table_name

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WHERE Clause

Syntax

SELECT * WHERE condition [AND|OR condition ...]

Conditions

Null Checks

• column_name IS NULL
• column_name IS NOT NULL

Value Comparisons

• column_name BETWEEN value' AND 'value
• column_name = value
• column_name >= value
• column_name > value
• column_name <= value
• column_name < value
• column_name != value
• column_name LIKE 'value%'

Logical Operators

• AND - Logical AND
• OR - Logical OR

Data Types

• integer - Whole numbers
• float - Decimal numbers
• string - Text values (quoted)
• timestamp - RFC3339 format ('YYYY-DD-MMT-HH:MM:SSZ')
• date - Date32/Data64 expressed as a string ('YYYY-MM-DD')
• boolean - Explicitly valued (true, false)

Examples

SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE timestamp BETWEEN '2025-09-24T01:00:00Z' AND '2025-09-25T01:00:00Z'
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE status = 200
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE response_time > 1000
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE user_id IS NOT NULL
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE method = 'GET' AND status >= 200 AND status < 300
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE (status = 404 OR status = 500) AND timestamp > '2024-01-01'

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ORDER BY Clause

Syntax

--Note: ORDER BY only supports ordering by the partition key
ORDER BY partition_key [DESC]

• ASC: Ascending order
• DESC: Descending order
• Default: DESC on all columns of the partition key
• Can contain any columns from the partition key

Examples

SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE ... ORDER BY paetition_key_A
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE ... ORDER BY partition_key_B DESC
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE ... ORDER BY partitionKey_A ASC

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LIMIT Clause

Syntax

LIMIT number

• Range: 1 to 10,000
• Type: Integer only
• Default: 500

Examples

SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE ... LIMIT 100

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Complete Query Examples

Basic Query

SELECT *
FROM http_requests
WHERE timestamp BETWEEN '2025-09-24T01:00:00Z' AND '2025-09-25T01:00:00Z'
LIMIT 100

Filtered Query with Sorting

SELECT user_id, timestamp, status, response_time
FROM access_logs
WHERE status >= 400 AND response_time > 5000
ORDER BY response_time DESC
LIMIT 50

Complex Conditions

SELECT timestamp, method, status, user_agent
FROM http_requests
WHERE (method = 'POST' OR method = 'PUT')
  AND status BETWEEN 200 AND 299
  AND user_agent IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY timestamp DESC
LIMIT 1000

Null Handling

SELECT user_id, session_id, date_column
FROM user_events
WHERE session_id IS NOT NULL
  AND date_column >= '2024-01-01'
ORDER BY timestamp
LIMIT 500

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Data Type Reference

Supported Types

Type	Description	Example Values
integer	Whole numbers	1, 42, -10, 0
float	Decimal numbers	1.5, 3.14, -2.7, 0.0
string	Text values	'hello', 'GET', '2024-01-01'
boolean	Boolean values	true, false
timestamp	RFC3339	'2025-09-24T01:00:00Z'
date	'YYYY-MM-DD'	'2025-09-24'

Type Usage in Conditions

-- Integer comparisons
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE status = 200
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE response_time > 1000

-- Float comparisons
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE cpu_usage >= 85.5
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE memory_ratio < 0.8

-- String comparisons
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE method = 'POST'
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE user_agent != 'bot'
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE country_code = 'US'

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Operator Precedence

1. Comparison operators: =, !=, <, <=, >, >=, LIKE, BETWEEN, IS NULL, IS NOT NULL
2. AND (higher precedence)
3. OR (lower precedence)

Use parentheses to override default precedence:

SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE (status = 404 OR status = 500) AND method = 'GET'

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