DNS policies

When a user makes a DNS request to Gateway, Gateway matches the request against the DNS policies you have set up for your organization. If the domain does not belong to any blocked categories, or if it matches an Override policy, the user’s client receives the DNS resolution and initiates an HTTP connection.

A DNS policy consists of an Action as well as a logical expression that determines the scope of the action. To build an expression, you need to choose a Selector and an Operator, and enter a value or range of values in the Value field. You can use And and Or logical operators to evaluate multiple conditions.

• Actions
• Selectors
• Comparison operators
• Value
• Logical operators

When creating a DNS policy, you can select as many security risk categories and content categories as needed to fully secure your network. Unless a more specific selector is configured in a policy (for example, User Email or Source IP), then the policy will be evaluated against all DNS queries that reach Gateway from your organization.

If a condition in an expression joins a query attribute (such as Source IP) and a response attribute (such as Resolved IP), then the condition will be evaluated when the response is received.

Actions

Just like actions in HTTP policies, actions in DNS policies allow you to choose what to do with a given set of elements. You can assign one action per policy.

These are the action types you can choose from:

• Allow
• Block
• Override
• Safe Search
• YouTube Restricted Mode

Allow

API value: allow

Available selectors

Traffic

• Application
• Authoritative Nameserver IP
• Content Categories
• DNS CNAME Response Value
• DNS MX Response Value
• DNS PTR Response Value
• DNS Resolver IP
• DNS TXT Response Value
• DOH Subdomain
• Domain
• Host
• Indicator Feeds
• Location
• Query Record Type
• Resolved Continent IP Geolocation
• Resolved Country IP Geolocation
• Resolved IP
• Security Categories
• Source Continent IP Geolocation
• Source Country IP Geolocation
• Source IP

Identity

• SAML Attributes
• User Email
• User Group Emails
• User Group IDs
• User Group Names
• User Name

Policies with Allow actions allow DNS queries to reach destinations you specify within the Selector and Value fields. For example, the following configuration allows DNS queries to reach domains we categorize as belonging to the Education content category:

Selector	Operator	Value	Action
Content Categories	in	Education	Allow

Disable DNSSEC validation

When you select Disable DNSSEC validation, Gateway will resolve DNS queries even if the cryptographic signature for the DNS record cannot be validated. We do not recommend disabling DNSSEC validation unless you know that the validation failure is due to DNSSEC configuration issues and not malicious attacks.

Block

API value: block

Available selectors

Traffic

• Application
• Authoritative Nameserver IP
• Content Categories
• DNS CNAME Response Value
• DNS MX Response Value
• DNS PTR Response Value
• DNS Resolver IP
• DNS TXT Response Value
• DOH Subdomain
• Domain
• Host
• Indicator Feeds
• Location
• Query Record Type
• Resolved Continent IP Geolocation
• Resolved Country IP Geolocation
• Resolved IP
• Security Categories
• Source Continent IP Geolocation
• Source Country IP Geolocation
• Source IP

Identity

• SAML Attributes
• User Email
• User Group Emails
• User Group IDs
• User Group Names
• User Name

Policies with Block actions block DNS queries to reach destinations you specify within the Selector and Value fields. For example, the following configuration blocks DNS queries from reaching domains we categorize as belonging to the Adult Themes content category:

Selector	Operator	Value	Action
Content Categories	in	Adult Themes	Block

Custom block page

When choosing the Block action, turn on Display custom block page to respond to queries with a block page and to specify the message you want to display to users who go to blocked websites. If the block page is disabled, Gateway will respond to blocked queries with an A record of 0.0.0.0 for IPv4 destinations, or with an AAAA record of :: for IPv6 destinations. For more information, refer to the dedicated documentation on customizing the block page.

WARP client block notifications

Feature availability

WARP modes	Zero Trust plans ↗
Gateway with WARP Secure Web Gateway without DNS filtering	Enterprise

System	Availability	Minimum WARP version
Windows	✅	2024.1.159.0
macOS	✅	2024.1.160.0
Linux	❌
iOS	✅	1.7
Android	✅	1.4
ChromeOS	✅	1.4

Turn on Display block notification for WARP client to display notifications for Gateway block events. Blocked users will receive an operating system notification from the WARP client with a custom message you set. If you do not set a custom message, the WARP client will display a default message. Custom messages must be 100 characters or less.

Upon selecting the notification, WARP will direct your users to a block page. Optionally, you can direct users to a custom URL, such as an internal support form.

To turn on client notifications on macOS devices running DisplayLink software, you may have to allow system notifications when mirroring your display. For more information, refer to the macOS documentation ↗.

Override

API value: override

Available selectors

The Override action cannot be used with selectors evaluated during or after DNS resolution.

Traffic

• Application
• Content Categories
• DNS Resolver IP
• DOH Subdomain
• Domain
• Host
• Location
• Query Record Type
• Resolved Continent IP Geolocation
• Resolved Country IP Geolocation
• Security Categories
• Source Continent IP Geolocation
• Source Country IP Geolocation
• Source IP

Identity

• SAML Attributes
• User Email
• User Group Emails
• User Group IDs
• User Group Names
• User Name

Policies with Override actions allow you to respond to all DNS queries for a given domain to another destination. For example, you can provide a custom response IP of 1.2.3.4 for all queries to www.example.com with the following policy:

Selector	Operator	Value	Action	Override Hostname
Hostname	is	www.example.com	Override	1.2.3.4

Safe Search

API value: safesearch

Available selectors

Traffic

• Application
• Content Categories
• DNS Resolver IP
• DOH Subdomain
• Domain
• Host
• Location
• Query Record Type
• Resolved Continent IP Geolocation
• Resolved Country IP Geolocation
• Security Categories
• Source Continent IP Geolocation
• Source Country IP Geolocation
• Source IP

Identity

• SAML Attributes
• User Email
• User Group Emails
• User Group IDs
• User Group Names
• User Name

SafeSearch is a feature of search engines that helps you filter explicit or offensive content. When you enable SafeSearch, the search engine filters explicit or offensive content and returns search results that are safe for children or at work.

You can use Cloudflare Gateway to enable SafeSearch on search engines like Google, Bing, Yandex, YouTube and DuckDuckGo. For example, to enable SafeSearch for Google, you can create the following policy:

Selector	Operator	Value	Action
Domain	is	google.com	Safe Search

YouTube Restricted Mode

API value: ytrestricted

Available selectors

Traffic

• Application
• Content Categories
• DNS Resolver IP
• DOH Subdomain
• Domain
• Host
• Location
• Query Record Type
• Resolved Continent IP Geolocation
• Resolved Country IP Geolocation
• Security Categories
• Source Continent IP Geolocation
• Source Country IP Geolocation
• Source IP

Identity

• SAML Attributes
• User Email
• User Group Emails
• User Group IDs
• User Group Names
• User Name

Similarly, you can enforce YouTube Restricted mode by choosing the YouTube Restricted action. YouTube Restricted Mode is an automated filter for adult and offensive content built into YouTube. To enable YouTube Restricted Mode, you could set up a policy like the following:

Selector	Operator	Value	Action
DNS Domain	is	youtube.com	YouTube Restricted

This setup ensures users will be blocked from accessing offensive sites using DNS.

Selectors

Gateway matches DNS queries against the following selectors, or criteria:

Application

You can apply DNS policies to a growing list of popular web applications. Refer to Application and app types for more information.

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
Application	any(app.ids[*] in {505})	Before DNS resolution

Authoritative Nameserver IP

Use this selector to match against the IP address of the authoritative nameserver IP address.

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
Authoritative Nameserver IP	dns.authoritative_ns_ips == 198.51.100.0	During DNS resolution

Content Categories

Use this selector to filter domains belonging to specific content categories.

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
Content Categories	any(dns.content_category[*] in {1})	Before DNS resolution

When using an Allow or Block action, you can optionally block IP addresses or filter categories for CNAME records.

DNS CNAME Record

Use this selector to filter DNS responses by their CNAME records.

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
DNS CNAME Response Value	any(dns.response.cname[*] in {"www.apple.com.edgekey.net"})	After DNS resolution

Note

If one CNAME record points to another CNAME record, each record in the chain will be evaluated. For example, if abc.example.com points to xyz.example.com, then your DNS policy will evaluate both abc.example.com and xyz.example.com.

DNS MX Record

Use this selector to filter DNS responses by their MX records.

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
DNS MX Response Value	any(dns.response.mx[*] in {"gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com"})	After DNS resolution

DNS PTR Record

Use this selector to filter DNS responses by their PTR records.

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
DNS PTR Response Value	any(dns.response.ptr[*] in {"255.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa"})	After DNS resolution

DNS Resolver IP

Use this selector to apply policies to DNS queries that arrived to your Gateway Resolver IP address aligned with a registered DNS location. For most Gateway customers, this is an IPv4 anycast address and policies created using this IPv4 address will apply to all DNS locations. However, each DNS location has a dedicated IPv6 address and some Gateway customers have been supplied with a dedicated IPv4 address — these both can be used to apply policies to specific registered DNS locations.

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
DNS Resolver IP	any(dns.resolved_ip[*] == 198.51.100.0)	Before DNS resolution

DNS TXT Record

Use this selector to filter DNS responses by their TXT records.

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
DNS TXT Response Value	any(dns.response.txt[*] in {"your_text"})	After DNS resolution

DoH Subdomain

Use this selector to match against DNS queries that arrive via DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) destined for the DoH endpoint configured for each DNS location. For example, you can use a DNS location with a DoH endpoint of abcdefg.cloudflare-gateway.com by choosing the DoH Subdomain selector and inputting a value of abcdefg.

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
DOH Subdomain	dns.doh_subdomain == "abcdefg"	Before DNS resolution

Domain

Use this selector to match against a domain and all subdomains. For example, you can match example.com and its subdomains, such as www.example.com.

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
Domain	any(dns.domains[*] == "example.com")	Before DNS resolution

Host

Use this selector to match against only the hostname specified. For example, you can match test.example.com but not example.com or www.test.example.com.

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
Host	dns.fqdn == "test.example.com"	Before DNS resolution

Indicator Feeds

Use this selector to match against custom indicator feeds.

You can use a publicly available indicator feed or a custom indicator feed assigned to your account by a designated third-party vendor. For more information on indicator feeds, refer to Custom Indicator Feeds.

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
Indicator Feeds	dns.indicator_feed	Before DNS resolution

Location

Use this selector to apply policies to a specific Gateway DNS location or set of locations.

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
Location	dns.location in {"location_uuid_1" "location_uuid_2"}	Before DNS resolution

Query Record Type

Use this selector to choose the DNS resource record type that you would like to apply policies against. For example, you can match A records for a domain but not MX records.

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
Query Record Type	dns.query_rtype == "TXT"	Before DNS resolution

Resolved Continent

Use this selector to filter based on the continent that the query resolves to. Geolocation is determined from the IP address in the response. To specify a continent, enter its two-letter code into the Value field:

• AF – Africa
• AN – Antarctica
• AS – Asia
• EU – Europe
• NA – North America
• OC – Oceania
• SA – South America
• T1 – Tor network

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
Resolved Continent IP Geolocation	dns.dst.geo.continent == "EU"	After DNS resolution

Resolved Country

Use this selector to filter based on the country that the query resolves to. Geolocation is determined from the IP address in the response. To specify a country, enter its ISO 3166-1 Alpha 2 code ↗ in the Value field.

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
Resolved Country IP Geolocation	dns.dst.geo.country == "RU"	After DNS resolution

Resolved IP

Use this selector to filter based on the IP addresses that the query resolves to.

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
Resolved IP	any(dns.resolved_ips[*] == 198.51.100.0)	After DNS resolution

Security Categories

Use this selector to match domains (and optionally, IP addresses) belonging to specific security categories.

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
Security Categories	any(dns.security_category[*] in {1})	Before DNS resolution

When using an Allow or Block action, you can optionally block IP addresses or filter categories for CNAME records.

Source Continent

Use this selector to filter based on the continent where the query arrived to Gateway from.

Geolocation is determined from the device’s public IP address (typically assigned by the user’s ISP). To specify a continent, enter its two-letter code into the Value field:

Continent	Code
Africa	AF
Antarctica	AN
Asia	AS
Europe	EU
North America	NA
Oceania	OC
South America	SA
Tor network	T1

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
Source Continent IP Geolocation	dns.src.geo.continent == “North America”	Before DNS resolution

Source Country

Use this selector to filter based on the country where the query arrived to Gateway from.

Geolocation is determined from the device’s public IP address (typically assigned by the user’s ISP). To specify a country, enter its ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 code ↗ in the Value field.

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
Source Country IP Geolocation	dns.src.geo.country == “RU”	Before DNS resolution

Source IP

Use this selector to apply policies to the source IP address of DNS queries. For example, this could be the WAN IP address of the stub resolver used by your organization to send queries to Gateway.

UI name	API example	Evaluation phase
Source IP	dns.src_ip == 198.51.100.0	Before DNS resolution

Users

Identity-based selectors include:

• SAML Attributes
• User Email
• User Group Emails
• User Group IDs
• User Group Names
• User Name

To use identity-based selectors, enable Gateway with WARP in the Zero Trust WARP client and enroll your user in your organization. For more information, refer to Identity-based policies.

Comparison operators

Comparison operators are the way Gateway matches traffic to a selector. When you choose a Selector in the dashboard policy builder, the Operator dropdown menu will display the available options for that selector.

Operator	Meaning
is	equals the defined value
is not	does not equal the defined value
in	matches at least one of the defined values
not in	does not match any of the defined values
in list	in a pre-defined list of values
not in list	not in a pre-defined list of values
matches regex	regex evaluates to true
does not match regex	regex evaluates to false
greater than	exceeds the defined number
greater than or equal to	exceeds or equals the defined number
less than	below the defined number
less than or equal to	below or equals the defined number

Value

In the Value field, you can input a single value when using an equality comparison operator (such as is) or multiple values when using a containment comparison operator (such as in). Additionally, you can use regular expressions (or regex) to specify a range of values for supported selectors.

Regular expressions

Gateway uses Rust to evaluate regular expressions. The Rust implementation is slightly different than regex libraries used elsewhere. For more information, refer to our guide for Wildcards. To evaluate if your regex matches, you can use Rustexp ↗.

If you want to match multiple values, you can use the pipe symbol (|) as an OR operator. In Gateway, you do not need to use an escape character (\) before the pipe symbol. For example, the following policy blocks requests to two hostnames if either appears in a request header:

Selector	Operator	Value	Action
Host	matches regex	.\*whispersystems.org|.\*signal.org	Block

In addition to regular expressions, you can use logical operators to match multiple values.

Logical operators

To evaluate multiple conditions in an expression, select the And logical operator. These expressions can be compared further with the Or logical operator.

Operator	Meaning
And	match all of the conditions in the expression
Or	match any of the conditions in the expression

The Or operator will only work with conditions in the same expression group. For example, you cannot compare conditions in Traffic with conditions in Identity.

Limitations

Third-party filtering conflict

Gateway will not properly filter traffic sent through third-party VPNs or other Internet filtering software, such as iCloud Private Relay ↗. To ensure your DNS policies apply to your traffic, Cloudflare recommends turning off software that may interfere with Gateway.

To turn off iCloud Private Relay, refer to the Apple user guides for macOS ↗ or iOS ↗.

Magic WAN forwarding

To apply DNS policies to queries forwarded through Magic WAN, you can either point your organization’s DNS resolver to an IPv6, DoH, or DoT endpoint or request a dedicated resolver IPv4 address. For more information, refer to DNS resolver IPs and hostnames.