Validate JWTs

When Cloudflare sends a request to your origin, the request will include an application token as a Cf-Access-Jwt-Assertion request header and as a CF_Authorization cookie.

Cloudflare signs the token with a key pair unique to your account. You should validate the token with your public key to ensure that the request came from Access and not a malicious third party.

Access signing keys

The public key for the signing key pair is located at https://<your-team-name>.cloudflareaccess.com/cdn-cgi/access/certs, where <your-team-name> is your Zero Trust team name.

By default, Access rotates the signing key every 6 weeks. This means you will need to programmatically or manually update your keys as they rotate. Previous keys remain valid for 7 days after rotation to allow time for you to make the update.

You can also manually rotate the key using the API. This can be done for testing or security purposes.

As shown in the example below, https://<your-team-name>.cloudflareaccess.com/cdn-cgi/access/certs contains two public keys: the current key used to sign all new tokens, and the previous key that has been rotated out.

• keys: both keys in JWK format
• public_cert: current key in PEM format
• public_certs: both keys in PEM format

{
  "keys": [
    {
      "kid": "1a1c3986a44ce6390be42ec772b031df8f433fdc71716db821dc0c39af3bce49",
      "kty": "RSA",
      "alg": "RS256",
      "use": "sig",
      "e": "AQAB",
      "n": "5PKw-...-AG7MyQ"
    },
    {
      "kid": "6c3bffef71bb0a90c9cbef3b7c0d4a1c7b4b8b76b80292a623afd9dac45d1c65",
      "kty": "RSA",
      "alg": "RS256",
      "use": "sig",
      "e": "AQAB",
      "n": "pwVn...AA6Hw"
    }
  ],
  "public_cert": {
    "kid": "6c3bffef71bb0a90c9cbef3b7c0d4a1c7b4b8b76b80292a623afd9dac45d1c65",
    "cert": "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- ... -----END CERTIFICATE----- "
  },
  "public_certs": [
    {
      "kid": "1a1c3986a44ce6390be42ec772b031df8f433fdc71716db821dc0c39af3bce49",
      "cert": "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- ... -----END CERTIFICATE----- "
    },
    {
      "kid": "6c3bffef71bb0a90c9cbef3b7c0d4a1c7b4b8b76b80292a623afd9dac45d1c65",
      "cert": "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- ... -----END CERTIFICATE----- "
    }
  ]
}

Avoid key rotation issues

• Validate tokens using the external endpoint rather than saving the public key as a hard-coded value.
• Do not fetch the current key from public_cert, since your origin may inadvertently read an expired value from an outdated cache. Instead, match the kid value in the JWT to the corresponding certificate in public_certs.

Verify the JWT manually

To verify the token manually:

1. Copy the JWT from the CF_Authorization cookie or from the Cf-Access-Jwt-Assertion request header.

2. Go to jwt.io ↗.

3. Select the RS256 algorithm.

4. Paste the JWT into the Encoded box.

5. In the Payload box, ensure that the iss field points to your team domain (https://<your-team-name>.cloudflareaccess.com). jwt.io uses the iss value to fetch the public key for token validation.

6. Ensure that the page says Signature Verified.

You can now trust that this request was sent by Access.

Programmatic verification

You can run an automated script on your origin server to validate incoming requests. The provided sample code gets the application token from a request and checks its signature against your public key. You will need to insert your own team domain and Application Audience (AUD) tag into the sample code.

Get your AUD tag

Cloudflare Access assigns a unique AUD tag to each application. The aud claim in the token payload specifies which application the JWT is valid for.

To get the AUD tag:

1. In Zero Trust ↗, go to Access > Applications.
2. Select Configure for your application.
3. On the Overview tab, copy the Application Audience (AUD) Tag.

You can now paste the AUD tag into your token validation script. The AUD tag will never change unless you delete or recreate the Access application.

Golang example

package main

import (
    "context"
    "fmt"
    "net/http"

    "github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3/oidc"
)

var (
    ctx        = context.TODO()
    teamDomain = "https://test.cloudflareaccess.com"
    certsURL   = fmt.Sprintf("%s/cdn-cgi/access/certs", teamDomain)

    // The Application Audience (AUD) tag for your application
    policyAUD = "4714c1358e65fe4b408ad6d432a5f878f08194bdb4752441fd56faefa9b2b6f2"

    config = &oidc.Config{
        ClientID: policyAUD,
    }
    keySet   = oidc.NewRemoteKeySet(ctx, certsURL)
    verifier = oidc.NewVerifier(teamDomain, keySet, config)
)

// VerifyToken is a middleware to verify a CF Access token
func VerifyToken(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
    fn := func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        headers := r.Header

        // Make sure that the incoming request has our token header
        //  Could also look in the cookies for CF_AUTHORIZATION
        accessJWT := headers.Get("Cf-Access-Jwt-Assertion")
        if accessJWT == "" {
            w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
            w.Write([]byte("No token on the request"))
            return
        }

        // Verify the access token
        ctx := r.Context()
        _, err := verifier.Verify(ctx, accessJWT)
        if err != nil {
            w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
            w.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("Invalid token: %s", err.Error())))
            return
        }
        next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
    }
    return http.HandlerFunc(fn)
}

func MainHandler() http.Handler {
    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        w.Write([]byte("welcome"))
    })
}

func main() {
    http.Handle("/", VerifyToken(MainHandler()))
    http.ListenAndServe(":3000", nil)
}

Python example

pip install the following:

• flask
• requests
• PyJWT
• cryptography

from flask import Flask, request
import requests
import jwt
import json
import os
app = Flask(__name__)


# The Application Audience (AUD) tag for your application
POLICY_AUD = os.getenv("POLICY_AUD")

# Your CF Access team domain
TEAM_DOMAIN = os.getenv("TEAM_DOMAIN")
CERTS_URL = "{}/cdn-cgi/access/certs".format(TEAM_DOMAIN)

def _get_public_keys():
    """
    Returns:
        List of RSA public keys usable by PyJWT.
    """
    r = requests.get(CERTS_URL)
    public_keys = []
    jwk_set = r.json()
    for key_dict in jwk_set['keys']:
        public_key = jwt.algorithms.RSAAlgorithm.from_jwk(json.dumps(key_dict))
        public_keys.append(public_key)
    return public_keys

def verify_token(f):
    """
    Decorator that wraps a Flask API call to verify the CF Access JWT
    """
    def wrapper():
        token = ''
        if 'CF_Authorization' in request.cookies:
            token = request.cookies['CF_Authorization']
        else:
            return "missing required cf authorization token", 403
        keys = _get_public_keys()

        # Loop through the keys since we can't pass the key set to the decoder
        valid_token = False
        for key in keys:
            try:
                # decode returns the claims that has the email when needed
                jwt.decode(token, key=key, audience=POLICY_AUD, algorithms=['RS256'])
                valid_token = True
                break
            except:
                pass
        if not valid_token:
            return "invalid token", 403

        return f()
    return wrapper


@app.route('/')
@verify_token
def hello_world():
    return 'Hello, World!'


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()

JavaScript example

const express = require('express');
const jose = require('jose');

// The Application Audience (AUD) tag for your application
const AUD = process.env.POLICY_AUD;

// Your CF Access team domain
const TEAM_DOMAIN = process.env.TEAM_DOMAIN;
const CERTS_URL = `${TEAM_DOMAIN}/cdn-cgi/access/certs`;

const JWKS = jose.createRemoteJWKSet(new URL(CERTS_URL));

// verifyToken is a middleware to verify a CF authorization token
const verifyToken = async (req, res, next) => {
  const token = req.headers['cf-access-jwt-assertion'];

  // Make sure that the incoming request has our token header
  if (!token) {
    return res.status(403).send({
      status: false,
      message: 'missing required cf authorization token',
    });
  }

  const result = await jose.jwtVerify(token, JWKS, {
    issuer: TEAM_DOMAIN,
    audience: AUD,
  });

  req.user = result.payload;
  next();
};

const app = express();

app.use(verifyToken);

app.get('/', (req, res) => {
  res.send('Hello World!');
});

app.listen(3333);

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