Walkthrough

This guide will instruct you through:

• Writing a Durable Object class.
• Writing a Worker which invokes methods on a Durable Object.
• Deploying a Durable Object.

Prerequisites

1. Sign up for a Cloudflare account ↗.
2. Install Node.js ↗.

Node.js version manager

Use a Node version manager like Volta ↗ or nvm ↗ to avoid permission issues and change Node.js versions. Wrangler, discussed later in this guide, requires a Node version of 16.17.0 or later.

1. Enable Durable Objects in the dashboard

To enable Durable Objects, you will need to purchase the Workers Paid plan:

1. Log in to the Cloudflare dashboard ↗, and select your account.
2. Go to Workers & Pages > Plans.
3. Select Purchase Workers Paid and complete the payment process to enable Durable Objects.

2. Create a Worker project

Durable Objects are accessed from a Worker.

To create a Worker project, run:

npm

npm create cloudflare@latest -- durable-object-starter

yarn

yarn create cloudflare@latest durable-object-starter

pnpm

pnpm create cloudflare@latest durable-object-starter

Running create cloudflare@latest will install Wrangler, the Workers CLI. You will use Wrangler to test and deploy your project.

For setup, select the following options:

• For What would you like to start with?, choose Hello World example.
• For Which template would you like to use?, choose Hello World Worker using Durable Objects.
• For Which language do you want to use?, choose JavaScript / TypeScript.
• For Do you want to use git for version control?, choose Yes.
• For Do you want to deploy your application?, choose No (we will be making some changes before deploying).

This will create a new directory, which will include either a src/index.js or src/index.ts file to write your code and a wrangler.toml configuration file.

Move into your new directory:

cd durable-object-starter

3. Write a Durable Object class

Durable Objects are defined by a exporting a standard JavaScript class which extends from the DurableObject base class.

Note

If you do not use JavaScript or TypeScript, you will need a shim ↗ to translate your class definition to a JavaScript class.

Your MyDurableObject class will have a constructor with two parameters. The first parameter, state, passed to the class constructor contains state specific to the Durable Object, including methods for accessing storage. The second parameter, env, contains any bindings you have associated with the Worker when you uploaded it.

JavaScript

import { DurableObject } from "cloudflare:workers";

export class MyDurableObject extends DurableObject {
  constructor(state, env) {}
}

TypeScript

import { DurableObject } from "cloudflare:workers";

export class MyDurableObject extends DurableObject {
  constructor(state: DurableObjectState, env: Env) {}
}

Workers can invoke public methods defined on a Durable Object via Remote Procedure Call (RPC).

The sayHello method demonstrates this capability:

JavaScript

import { DurableObject } from "cloudflare:workers";

export class MyDurableObject extends DurableObject {
  constructor(state, env) {}

  async sayHello() {
    return "Hello, World!";
  }
}

TypeScript

import { DurableObject } from "cloudflare:workers";

export class MyDurableObject extends DurableObject {
  constructor(state: DurableObjectState, env: Env) {}

  async sayHello(): Promise<string> {
    return "Hello, World!";
  }
}

4. Invoke methods on a Durable Object class

As mentioned previously, methods on a Durable Object class are invoked by a Worker. This is done by creating an ID refering to an instance of the Durable Object class, getting a stub that refers to a particular instance of a Durable Object class, and invoking methods on that stub.

The fetch handler should look like the following:

JavaScript

// Worker
export default {
  async fetch(request, env) {
    // Every unique ID refers to an individual instance of the Durable Object class
    const id = env.MY_DURABLE_OBJECT.idFromName("foo");

    // A stub is a client used to invoke methods on the Durable Object
    const stub = env.MY_DURABLE_OBJECT.get(id);

    // Methods on the Durable Object are invoked via the stub
    const rpcResponse = await stub.sayHello();

    return new Response(rpcResponse);
  },
};

TypeScript

// Worker
export default {
  async fetch(request, env, ctx): Promise<Response> {
    // Every unique ID refers to an individual instance of the Durable Object class
    const id = env.MY_DURABLE_OBJECT.idFromName("foo");

    // A stub is a client used to invoke methods on the Durable Object
    const stub = env.MY_DURABLE_OBJECT.get(id);

    // Methods on the Durable Object are invoked via the stub
    const rpcResponse = await stub.sayHello();

    return new Response(rpcResponse);
  },
} satisfies ExportedHandler<Env>;

5. Configure Durable Object bindings

To allow a Worker to invoke methods on a Durable Object, the Worker must have a Durable Object binding in the project's wrangler.toml file. The binding is configured to use a particular Durable Object class.

wrangler.toml

[[durable_objects.bindings]]
name = "MY_DURABLE_OBJECT"
class_name = "MyDurableObject"

wrangler.json

{
  "durable_objects": {
    "bindings": [
      {
        "name": "MY_DURABLE_OBJECT",
        "class_name": "MyDurableObject"
      }
    ]
  }
}

The [[durable_objects.bindings]] section contains the following fields:

• name - Required. The binding name to use within your Worker.
• class_name - Required. The class name you wish to bind to.
• script_name - Optional. The name of the Worker if the Durable Object is external to this Worker.
• environment - Optional. The environment of the script_name to bind to.

Refer to Wrangler Configuration for more detail.

6. Configure Durable Object classes with migrations

A migration is a mapping process from a class name to a runtime state. You perform a migration when creating a new Durable Object class, or when renaming, deleting or transferring an existing Durable Object class.

Migrations are performed through the [[migrations]] configurations key in your wrangler.toml file.

The Durable Object migration to create a new Durable Object class will look like the following in your Worker's wrangler.toml file:

wrangler.toml

[[migrations]]
tag = "v1" # Should be unique for each entry
new_classes = ["MyDurableObject"] # Array of new classes

wrangler.json

{
  "migrations": [
    {
      "tag": "v1",
      "new_classes": [
        "MyDurableObject"
      ]
    }
  ]
}

6.a Optional: Configure new Durable Object class for SQL storage

SQLite in Durable Objects Beta

New beta version of Durable Objects is available where each Durable Object has a private, embedded SQLite database. SQL storage is opt-in during beta; otherwise, a Durable Object class has the standard, private key-value storage. Objects can access long-lived durable storage with the Storage API.

A Durable Object class can only have a single storage type, which cannot be changed after the Durable Object class is created.

To configure SQL storage and API, replace new_classes with new_sqlite_classes in your Worker's wrangler.toml file:

wrangler.toml

[[migrations]]
tag = "v1" # Should be unique for each entry
new_sqlite_classes = ["MyDurableObject"] # Array of new classes

wrangler.json

{
  "migrations": [
    {
      "tag": "v1",
      "new_sqlite_classes": [
        "MyDurableObject"
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Refer to Durable Objects migrations to learn more about the migration process.

7. Develop a Durable Object Worker locally

To test your Durable Object locally, run wrangler dev:

npx wrangler dev

In your console, you should see aHello world string returned by the Durable Object.

8. Deploy your Durable Object Worker

To deploy your Durable Object Worker:

npx wrangler deploy

Once deployed, you should be able to see your newly created Durable Object Worker on the Cloudflare dashboard ↗, Workers & Pages > Overview.

Preview your Durable Object Worker at <YOUR_WORKER>.<YOUR_SUBDOMAIN>.workers.dev.

By finishing this tutorial, you have successfully created, tested and deployed a Durable Object.

Related resources

• Send requests to Durable Objects
• Miniflare ↗ - Helpful tools for mocking and testing your Durable Objects.

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